Appendix1 International Organizations and Abbreviations

I.Some international organizations and the members included are as following,

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), has 34 members, i.e., Australia, Austria, Belgium, Iceland, Denmark, Germany, France, Finland, Canada, Netherlands, Luxembourg, United States, Portugal, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland, Spain, Greece, Italy, New Zealand, Turkey, United Kingdom, Mexico, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Korea, Slovakia, Israel (2010), Slovenia, Chile (2010), Estonia (2010).

European Union (EU), it expanded to 28 members, i.e., France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia.

European Monetary Union (Euro Area), it has 19 members and member countries are Germany, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Luxembourg, Ireland, Finland, Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovak, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Association of South East Asian Countries (ASEAN), it has 10 members, i.e., the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam (1984), Viet Nam (1995), Myanmar (1997), Lao People's Democratic Republic (1997) and Cambodia (1999).

North American Free Trade Area(NAFTA), was founded on January 1, 1994, with members unchanged hitherto, i.e., Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Group 7, includes the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Canada.

II. Countries (territory) groups and their meanings are as following,

Countries by Income Group  According to the criteria by the World Bank, countries and territories (referred to as economies) are classified into high income (higher than $12736), higher middle income (between $4126 and $12735), lower middle income (between $1046 and $4125) and low income ($1045 and below) groups by their per capita GNI (calculated by Atlas method)in the year 2014.

Developed and Developing Countries  There is no established convention for the designation of "developed" and "developing" countries or areas in the United Nations system. In common practice, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in northern America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas. In international trade statistics, the Southern African Customs Union is also treated as a developed region and Israel as a developed country; countries emerging from the former Yugoslavia are treated as developing countries; and countries of eastern Europe and of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Europe are not included under either developed or developing regions.

Advanced economies in International Monetary Fund (IMF) are composed of 35 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong SAR, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan Province of China, United Kingdom, and United States. Others are emerging market and developing economies.

III. The abbreviations used in this book and their meanings are as following,

Sq.km=square kilometer

ha = hectare

kwh = kilowatt-hour

g = gram

kg = kilogram

TJ = terojoule (10¹² joule)

TCE = ton of standard coal equivalent

TOE = ton of standard oil equivalent

UNSD = Statistics Division of the United Nations

IMF = International Monetary Funds

FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

UNCTAD = United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP = United Nations Development Program

ILO = International Labor Organization

WHO = World Health Organization