Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices measuring achievements in each dimension.

Expected years of schooling Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates were to stay the same throughout the child’s life.

Mean years of schooling Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical durations of each level of education attended.

Adult Literacy Rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life.

Gross Enrollment Ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group.

Expenditures for Research and Development are current and capital expenditures (including overhead) on creative, systematic activity intended to increase the stock of knowledge. Included are fundamental and applied research and experimental development work leading to new devices, products, or processes.

Technicians in R&D are people engaged in professional R&D activity who have received vocational or technical training in any branch of knowledge or technology.

High-technology Exports are products with high R&D intensity. They include high-technology products such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Military Personnel refer to active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if those forces resemble regular units in their organization, equipment, training, or mission，not including reservist.