Explanatory Notes on Main Statistical Indicators

The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio and income, as measured by GDP per capita (PPP $).

Adult Literacy Rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement on their everyday life.

Gross Enrollment Ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group.

Expenditures for Research and Development are current and capital expenditures (including overhead) on creative, systematic activity intended to increase the stock of knowledge. Included are fundamental and applied research and experimental development work leading to new devices, products, or processes.

Technicians in R&D are people engaged in professional R&D activity who have received vocational or technical training in any branch of knowledge or technology.

High-technology Exports are products with high R&D intensity. They include high-technology products such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Military Personnel refer to active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if those forces resemble regular units in their organization, equipment, training, or mission，not including reservist.